The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. They appeared frequently at the front of atlases or as the main maps of the United States in textbooks. What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as 27. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia African Americans, frequently understood to be victims of internal colonization, are a small and subjugated part of the population. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. It was when the Viet Minh attacked the French air base at Dien Bien Phu, which ultimately pulled the United States into the Vietnam War. Why do you think so many of these new possessions were islands located in the Pacific Ocean? 28. Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. Pdf. The New York Puerto Rican Day Parade last summer was also dedicated to Pedro Albizu Campos. John O'Sullivan (1813-1895), famously proclaimed that it was "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904DOCUMENT 2 United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 18571904 0 1000 ASIA 1847 1898 1898 '899 thitedStatespssessims (withdate acqus&n) ofinnuee theUnitedStates STATESMidwayis.1867 WakeL 1899 189 1858 1898 How4andt. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. 22. Islands. Discussion Board 5 12 The zip has the lab results and etc. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. 2. First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. 42. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. 27. 25 And the pattern continued: as older territories became states, new annexations brought new territories into the polity. United States--History, - Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 But the second arc, concerning overseas territories, is regarded as less so. Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. Williams and the many historians working in his long shadow have always happily acknowledged the colonies that the United States took. 11. 46. Treaty of Paris More about Copyright and other Restrictions. (Oxford, 1989). WhatsApp Chat is free, download and try it now here! The Library of Congress has accepted an estimate of one million Filipino fatalities, which also circulates in the Philippines. For a widely read recent articulation of the Williams thesis that the United States has pursued imperialism by other means, see Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ, 2010). The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). We levelled entire cities with our bombs and shell fire, explained the Philippine High Commissioner. 3 (1933): 44874. It also shows the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, Wake Island, American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal Zone in boxes. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement It set the Philippines free. 23. That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; But those familiar borders only held for four years. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. Perpetual Foreigners: Chinese Americans and the U.S. Books appeared with intriguing titles: The Greater Republic (1899), The Greater United States (1904), and seven books whose titles contained the phrase Greater America published in the decade following the 1898 war. Like United Kingdom, it applies merely to the central and dominating body, the seat of empire; and Greater America comprises almost as wide a range of governments as Greater Britain itself. 17. August R. Ohmans 1904 pocket map, highlighting the expansion of the United States, feautures a world map, top inset. 15. xTnI}nw(qA0!`%vl@$;;cTT\\^>HBJJI^IFBUv;_A?HP//4 p"1 Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). Title from title sheet. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. stream Speech of Hon. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. It was entitled Greater United States. 19. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. <> Certainly, many inhabitants of the territories have regarded U.S. rule as illegitimate and seen themselves as inhabitants of, for example, the Hawaiian nation rather than of the United States. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . It was a moment when the United States briefly flirted with outright territorial conquest before turning toward other, harder-to-see forms of global power. commonwealth status as Federated States of Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. 41. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). Besides the histories of military bases listed above, exemplary studies of small spaces include Ron Robins examination of embassies and cemeteries in Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric of American Political Architecture Abroad, 19001965 (Princeton, NJ, 1992); John Lindsay-Polands portrait of San Jose Island in Emperors in the Jungle: The Hidden History of the U.S. in Panama (Durham, NC, 2003), ch. . 5 In my home city of Chicago, there is a public high school named after him (with an adjoining family learning center for teen parents named after Lolita Lebrn, the chief shooter in the 1954 House shootings). The extraordinary maps they made showed the United States as it had become, not a contiguous mass but rather an empire with global reach. In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . currently an unorganized, unincorporated U.S. territory under 1846. They had even more people in the past. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). Paul Kramer, in his portrait of the United States as a nation-based empire, presents a significantly modified version of the Williams thesis that is skeptical of the clean formal/informal distinction: Power and Connection: Imperial Histories of the United States in the World, American Historical Review 116, no. In other words, if you looked up in late 1945 and saw the stars and stripes waving overhead, it was more likely that you lived in a colony or occupied country than that you lived on the mainland. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. But those familiar borders only held for four years. I have emphasized the United States overseas colonies, places like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. For a very long time, in fact. It was but one in a long chain of violent acts undertaken by Puerto Rican nationalists under the leadership of Pedro Albizu Campos, arguably the most important domestic opponent of the U.S. empire in the twentieth century. 20. state.gov. 43. Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. California filled with whites and transitioned from military rule to statehood in two years. Bicknell, E. (1904) The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. 41. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. Surely, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died in the war. and Germany, Leased from Panama 24. Under whatever name, the conception of a Greater United States had largely vanished by the U.S. entry into the First World War. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Russia for $7.2 million; Statehood The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap.
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