Did I mention shes also a queen of the Celtic Otherworld? He was also sought in protection against magic spells cast by one's enemies and possibly against demons or ghosts. Some of these deities' names are well known: Isis, Osiris, Horus, Amun, Ra, Hathor, Bastet, Thoth, Anubis, and Ptah while many others less so. Anubis - God of the dead associated with embalming. Her name means "Foremost of the Fish". A pattern emerges with crow and raven gods and goddesses crows and ravens have guardianship over the dead; therefore, many death gods are related to blackbirds. Forty-Two Judges - The Forty-two deities who presided with Osiris, Thoth, and Anubis over the judgment of the soul in the afterlife. He is referred to as "Father of the gods" in the Pyramid Texts and was an important aspect of funerary rites where he welcomed the king to the afterlife. After Atum transformed into the monstrous Demogorge and drove off the destructive Elder Gods that threatened Earth, he eventually came to be known as "Ammon Ra" and was . Reshep is further linked to Mesopotamia through his identification in iconography with the Mesopotamian war god Nergal. He often grasps serpents in his hands as though crushing them. He has dominion over many aspects of life: war, death, knowledge, healing, writing, royalty, and chaos. He is closely associated with ma'at the concept and Ma'at the goddess who personified harmony in that he served as a just mediator between the gods in their disputes. This species can be gray to brown in the color with large parts of its wings being white, although this is mostly hidden by the wing . The gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt were an integral part of the people's everyday lives. The ancient Egyptians observed the female hippopotamus to be extremely protective of her children which led to the form of this goddess. Nephthys features prominently in the Osiris myth when she transforms herself into the form of Isis to seduce Osiris, when she betrays the location of Osiris' body to Set, and when she helps her sister revive the dead king. Worship of the gods of Egypt evolved over time as large cults developed on a local and then on a national scale. She will shapeshift into the form of any animal she chooses, including a wolf, eel, and crow. The god Thoth appeared and gambled with Iah for five days worth of moonlight. When he was brought to Egypt by Canaanite and Syrian workers and merchants, he was transformed into a god of healing. The ancient Egyptians believed that the universe was ordered and rational. 414. Ptah - One of the oldest Egyptian gods who appears in the First Dynastic Period (c. 3150-2613 BCE) but most likely dates from the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). The gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt were an integral part of the people's everyday lives. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Conversely, he is also depicted as protecting the king. Babi (Baba) - He was a virility god depicted as a baboon and symbolizing male sexuality. They were deified for their association with Osiris, stemming from their death in the river, and served as local deities of protection. No temples were ever raised to him but he is referenced in some manuscripts which indicate he was a concern to seafarers who may have worn amulets with his image for protection. The first temple to him was constructed at Kalabsha during the 18th Dynasty (c. 1550-1292 BCE). The two are members of the Ennead, a collection of nine Egyptian deities. Like the other leonine deities, she is a fierce protector of her followers and avenges wrongs done to them. He was lord of the wild animals and weapons and so could control both to protect a person who invoked his name. The king was thought to be the living incarnation of Horus and, through him, the god gave all good things to his people. The reasoning, Tobin explained, is because the gods are "mysterious and indefinable" therefore humanity cannot know . Munnin, the Memory and Hugi, the Spirit. However, Nephthys becomes impregnated by Sets brother, and births Anubis, the god of mummification. She cared for people in life and appeared to them after death to help guide them safely to paradise. In the tale Vasalisa the Fair, a young woman goes into the forest at night. Her name means "Holy" and she is always depicted as a slim naked woman holding the symbols of eroticism and fertility; lotus blossoms in her right hand and snakes or papyrus stems in her left. Like Bes, Taweret was featured on household items such as furniture, cosmetic cases, pots, spoons and in fertility images in the home. She was known as "Smiter of the Nubians" in this regard but she also brought natural disaster. He is depicted as a man with a hawk's head wearing the solar disk as a crown. Her association with measurements eventually made her the patroness of builders, architects, and those who dealt in accounting for cattle, other animals, and captives seized in war. For political and religious reasons, for example, the Theban god Amun, who was considered the most powerful deity in the New Kingdom, was united with Ra, a sun god whose cult dated to the beginnings of Egypt. Following the rise in popularity of the Osiris Myth, Horus the Younger became one of the most important gods in Egypt. He was so popular that people in ancient Egypt paid to have their bodies buried at Abydos near his cult center and those who could not afford that would pay for memorials to be erected to them or their loved ones at Abydos believing that proximity to Osiris on earth guaranteed easier access to paradise after death. Nephthys marries Set the god of disorder. Anqet (Anukit or Anuket) - Goddess of fertility and the cataract of the Nile River at Aswan. She symbolized the vengeful aspect of the Eye of Ra. Wadjet - A great protective goddess and patroness of Lower Egypt, one of the oldest deities in the Egyptian pantheon, represented as the rearing cobra which became the king's insignia (the uraeus). The appearance of Sirius heralded the inundation of the Nile, the promise of fertility, and represented the cyclical nature of existence and so came to be linked to Osiris, the dying and reviving god, and Isis, the one who revived him. By the time of the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE) he was extremely popular and worshipped as the greatest among the gods after Amun. Horus is the falcon-headed god known as the protector of Egyptian pharaohs. Meskhenet was present at one's birth, created one's ka (aspect of the soul) and breathed it into one's body. Taweret is a goddess of childbirth and fertility who was very popular throughout Egypt's history. Hardedef - The son of King Khufu (also known as Cheops, 2589-2566 BCE) who wrote a book known as Instruction in Wisdom. He was deified after death and worshipped as a god of wisdom. Many depictions show her on a cremation ground looking like death itself (decaying teeth, long fingernails, hag-like appearance). She was consort of the god Montu and was primarily worshipped at Hermonthis (Armant) near Thebes. In the afterlife she appeared as the "Lady of Justification" linking her with the goddess Ma'at. [3] Tree Goddesses - A number of well-known Egyptian goddesses were associated with trees, most notably Isis, Hathor, and Nut. Historian Margaret Bunson writes: The numerous gods of Egypt were the focal points of the nation's cultic rites and personal religious practices. Banebdjedet - A fertility/virility god who appears as a ram or a man with a ram's head, associated with the city of Mendes, eventually another name for Osiris. Associated with the sun, sky, and power, Horus became linked with the king of Egypt as early as the First Dynasty (c. 3150-2890 BCE). Asar was a revered king who was murdered by a usurper but became king of the afterlife, or spiritual realm. He was worshipped with Hathor at Dendera and invoked at festivals. She was considered the dark goddess to the light of Isis but this carried no negative connotation, only balance. Because of her connection to magic, shapeshifting and being a psychopomp (guiding Arthur to the afterlife), she also has an inseparable link to the crow. Central to their mythologyand included in some way in almost every mythis Kutkh, the Great Raven and creator of everything. Fetket - The butler of the sun god Ra who served him his drinks, patron god of bartenders. His name means "He Who Brings Back The Distant One" which is a reference to the story about his retrieval of the Eye of Ra from Nubia. She arose from the totemic symbol of the nome (province) of the region around Mendes, which was a fish. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. She is the second-born of the First Five Gods (Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus the Elder), sister-wife of Osiris, mother of Horus the Younger, and symbolically understood as the mother of every king. Further, Odin is called the raven-god in the Prose Edda. Rainbow Crow was the most beautiful bird of all - with feathers that shimmered with all the colors of the rainbow and a song that rang out the sweetest of all birdsong. Seshat (Sefkhet-Abwy or Safekh-Aubi) - She was the goddess of writing, books, notations, and measurements. She is depicted as a woman wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt with antelope horns. Horus was the God of goodness as well as light. Amunhotep (Amenhotep), Son of Hapu - God of healing and wisdom. Bes (Aha or Bisu) - God of childbirth, fertility, sexuality, humor, and war, popularly known as the Dwarf god. A relic can be an object, a person or an entity from a famous folktale, person or even a god. Shah'et El Mulukhiya means El Mulukhiya Gasp, and it requires the person cooking it to inhale suddenly . This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 11:20. Tetrads - Representations of completeness corresponding sometimes to the four cardinal points of the compass and best represented by the Four Sons of Horus. It was a solarized deity that had a hawk's head. Along with Hardedef and Imhotep, one of the few human beings deified by the Egyptians. Thanks, Anonymous. Hraf-haf is depicted as a man in a boat with his head facing behind him. Satis (Satet or Satit) - Goddess of the southern border of Egypt with Nubia and associated with Elephantine in the region of Aswan. Similar to The Fates of the ancient Greeks, no one could resist or alter Shay's decisions. In Celtic mythology, the warrior goddess known as the Morrighan often appears in the form of a crow or raven or is seen accompanied by a group of them. She was originally from Syria or Canaan. He was the consort of the goddess of sexual pleasure and sacred ecstasy Qudshu (Qadesh) and was worshipped with her in a triad which included the fertility god Min. She is depicted in the company of crocodiles. His name translates as "that soul". The crows in popular culture - Norse mythology. World History Encyclopedia. Seth. For example, he is considered a god of fertility, something that isn't brought up in the series outside of the casting of Oscar Isaac. His birth is honored in wall inscriptions at birth houses in Dendera in the belief that joy and music should welcome children to earth at their birth. Their mysterious presence. Ancient Egyptian culture grew out of an understanding of these deities and the vital role they played in the immortal journey of every human being. Plagues were known as "Messengers of Sekhmet" or "Slaughterers of Sekhmet". Serapis was a blend of Osiris and Apis but his character and attributes were a blending of these two Egyptian deities with the Greek gods Zeus, Helios, Dionysius, Hades, and Asklepius. This interpretation is likely as his other names include "Lord of Slaughter" and "The Scarlet Lord" referring to his punishment of those who violated the sacred order life presided over by the goddess. The word means "that which is straight" and the concept of harmony infused every aspect of an Egyptian's life. Shentayet - An obscure protective goddess whose name means "Widow" and who was associated with that aspect of Isis who lost her husband and then brought him back to life. Ihy - God of music and joy, specifically the music of the sistrum. She is associated with the better-known Hippopotamus goddess Taweret and, as a sky goddess and protective force, with Hathor and Nut. When the eye returned with them, Atum was so happy he cried and his tears created human beings. He guided the souls of the dead to the Hall of Truth and was part of the ritual of the Weighing of the Heart of the Soul in the afterlife. There were two up until a couple of months ago. Most people see a black bird and think its a blackbird. Here we present raven gods and crow goddesses from around the world including Odin, Baba Yaga and more. Sobek - An important protective deity in the form of a crocodile or a man with a crocodile's head, Sobek was a god of water but also associated with medicine and particularly surgery. Raettawy (Raet or Raet-Tawy) - She was the female aspect of Ra. Kherty (Cherti) - He was a ram-headed god of the underworld who ferried the dead on their last journey into the afterlife. He was probably the original God of the Dead before that role was given to Osiris, at which time he was made Osiris' son. Uajyt (Wadjet or Uto) - Associated with Nekhbet, a protective goddess of Lower Egypt. In the Pyramid Texts, he attempts to kill all the gods with his breath of fire but is overpowered by the spirit of the dead king who saves creation. She is typically depicted as an old hag who lives in a hut in the woods. She is best known from her golden statue found in the tomb of Tutankhamun. By the time of the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) the Egyptians had identified five of the planets which they referred to as "Stars That Know No Rest" and associated with gods: the called Mercury 'Sebegu' (a form of the god Set); Venus ("The One Who Crosses" and "God of the Morning"); Mars ("Horus of the Horizon" and "Horus the Red"); Jupiter ("Horus Who Limits the Two Lands"); Saturn ("Horus Bull of the Heavens"). The Allfather has two ravens named Huginn and Muninn, their names meaning thought and memory. He was the son of Tasenetnofret, a local goddess of Kom Ombo who was a manifestation of Hathor. Heryshaf - A fertility god depicted as a man with the head of a ram. H orus, the falcon-headed god, is a familiar ancient Egyptian god. A very ancient goddess, she was sent by Ra to destroy humanity for their sins. While the king lived he was identified with Horus, who the souls encouraged, and when the king died he became associated with Osiris, whom the souls mourned and honored. Egyptian Goose. She is represented in inscriptions by a notched palm branch signifying the passing of time, the hieroglyphic image for 'year'. The double crown was an amalgamation of the white crown (Ancient Egyptian name 'hedjet') of Upper Egypt and the red crown (Ancient Egyptian name 'deshret') of Lower Egypt. She was also the patron goddess of scribes. Iah (Yah) - A god of the moon who figures prominently in the Egyptian calendar. In Egyptian medicine he was called upon for healing aromas to cure disease and associated with incense. She provided pure, cool water to the souls of the deceased as they awaited judgment in the Hall of Truth. Sothis - The personification of the star Sirius (the "dog star") whose appearance heralded the annual inundation of the Nile. His association with the Sphinx of Giza comes from these foreign workers who believed the Sphinx represented Haurun and built a shrine to their god in front of the statue. [1] These gods and goddesses appear in virtually every aspect of ancient Egyptian civilization, and more than 1,500 of them are known by name. Gods of Egypt (2016) Full Cast & Crew See agents for this cast & crew on IMDbPro Directed by Alex Proyas Writing Credits Cast (in credits order) verified as complete Produced by Music by Marco Beltrami Cinematography by Peter Menzies Jr. Film Editing by Richard Learoyd Casting By Nikki Barrett John Papsidera Production Design by Owen Paterson Four Sons of Horus - Four deities, Duamutef, Hapy, Imset, and Qebehsenuef, who watched over the viscera or the dead in the four canopic jars placed in the tomb. She is a goddess of the dead and oversees funerary rites. When the sacred bull died it was mummified with the same care given a king. Amun (Amun-Ra) - God of the sun and air. Sah and Sothis in the heavens reflected the divine couple Osiris and Isis and the god Sopdu, (son of Sothis), the astral form of Horus. Am-Heh - A god in the underworld, "devourer of millions" and "eater of eternity" who lived in a lake of fire. I, too, have some regular crow visitors. Hathor was famously associated with the sycamore tree and known as "Lady of the Sycamore" but Isis was also linked to this tree. His wife, Aset, took their son, Heru, into hiding, and Heru eventually returned to reclaim the earthly throne. Were having fun and playing around almost like children, though we are adults. Thoth, the god of wisdom, gambled with Iah, god of the moon, and won five days worth of moonlight which he transformed into days. Mehen - The serpent god who wrapped himself around Ra in the sun barge to protect him from Apep's attacks. She represented the hand, the active part, of the supreme god Atum (Ra). Some of the smartest creatures are the crow and the raven. Nu is commonly regarded as "Father of the Gods" while Naunet is only referenced regarding the Ogdoad, the grouping of eight primordial gods, four males matching four females, who represent the original elements of creation. And with a very calm purposeful look on her face ( never making eye contact with me) she reaches with her other hand for a skinny bone wand and stabs me with it right at an acupressure point between my shoulder and right breast. Thank you for your help! translations, translated by Raymond O. Faulkner; with additional; Wasserman, a commentary by Ogden Goelet JR.; with color illustrations from the facsimile volume produced in 1890 under the supervision of E.A. Morgan Le Fay is mostly known for her role in the King Arthur legend, but is believed to have first been a goddess of Celtic origin. Caligo Claw Crow - Egyptian God Deck: Slifer the Sky Dragon (EGS1) Egyptian God Deck: Slifer the Sky Dragon. Black is a magical color and represents the darkness, the night, space, void, mystery, the occult, disguise and magick. A crow fits Baba Yagas personality wise and yet a trickster. He appears in one story as gambling for the five days required for Nut to give birth to the First Five Gods and in others as mediating between the gods and delivering messages. His symbol was the crescent moon. Field of Reeds - The Egyptian paradise in the afterlife which the soul was admitted to after passing successfully through judgment and being justified by Osiris. World History Encyclopedia, 14 Apr 2016. Tutu - A protective god known as "He Who Keeps Enemies at a Distance", worshipped during the latter part of Egypt's history. He has become one of the most commonly used symbols of Egypt, seen on Egyptian airplanes, and on hotels and restaurants throughout the land. In time, he became associated with Ptah and then Osiris to eventually combine by the Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) into Ptah-Sokar-Osiris who was a hybrid funerary deity presiding over the afterlife. There was also a Little Ennead venerated at Heliopolis of minor deities. Ravens, crows, jackdaws, magpies & jays are all corvids. Bibliography She was the most important goddess of Lower Egypt in early history and continued to hold a prominent position in worship for millenia. They are mentioned in Spell 168 of the Egyptian Book of the Dead and are represented as serpents or serpent-like. Bennu - An avian deity better known as the Bennu Bird, the divine bird of creation and inspiration for the Greek Phoenix. Another name for it is shmty, meaning "the two powerful ones," or sekhemti. I cannot tell if they are male or female but 4 definitely were youngsters when I started feeding them. In Egyptian mythology, Tefnut is the goddess of rain. A crow - CC via Pixabay Crows have a complicated relationship with people, as they considered an omen of bad luck. As goddess of measurements she ensured the king measured correctly in commissioning the building of temples and monuments and assisted him in measurements for rituals. She was associated with virtually every aspect of human life and, in time, became elevated to the position of supreme deity, "Mother of the Gods", who cared for her fellow deities as she did for human beings. As a creator goddess she was identified with the waters of chaos (Nun) prior to creation and, in this role, she is called "Grandmother of the Gods" or "Mother of the Gods". The Eye of Horus, an ancient Egyptian symbol and amulet depicting the Eye of a falcon-headed god, was used by Egyptians to protect Pharaohs from harm in their final resting place. Along with Meskhenet, she was also associated with Neith and sometimes portrayed as the mother of Osiris, with Isis as the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus, as Atum's wife or consort. In his association with Ra he appeared as a child, symbolizing the morning sun, and as an adult representing later day. Had this dream last night that Im trying to figure out: As a fertility goddess, she was further linked to the Nile River and the inundation and so with Hapi, the god of the fertile mud of the Nile. She was the personification of the city which was also known as 'Waset'. The higher the rank a . He is an ancient god going back to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3150-2613 BCE). Tefnut - Goddess of moisture, sister of Shu, daughter of Atum (Ra) at the creation of the world. Mark, Joshua J.. "Egyptian Gods - The Complete List." In fact, the crow appears in many flags and coats of arms. Nekheny - A protector god in the form of a falcon who was patron of the town of Nekhen in the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE). Consort of Anhur. Shed - A protective god who guarded against personal harm from wild animals or mortal enemies. To defeat the merciless Set, Horus joins forces with a brave mortal for a. It was used only during the most official ceremonies of the kingdom. Mut - An early mother goddess who most likely had a minor role during the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE) but who later became prominent as the wife of Amun and mother of Khonsu, part of the Theban Triad. Tayet (Tait) - Goddess of weaving who provided the clothes for the king. As protector of the divine king, Sed was associated with justice and so linked to the goddess Ma'at. In some inscriptions it is synonymous with the Field of Reeds. In some versions of the story it is Khonsu who loses the gamble with Thoth. Originally a Nubian deity. A'ah - An early moon god who evolved into Iah (also known as Yah) and, eventually, Khonsu. His cult naturally merged with that of his wife and the Cult of Isis, with its symbolism of salvation, eternal life, the dying and reviving god, and the divine son born of a virgin mother, would later influence the development of early Christianity. Depicted as a young winged boy with his finger to his lips. As the soul of Ra (the supreme sun god), the Bennu represented the rising and setting sun. Not a finch. The Morrigan is an Irish Celtic goddess whos able to shapeshift. His name was taken by all three rulers of the dynasty in the form of Mentuhotep (Montuhotep) meaning "Montu is Pleased". This stunning composition notebook is perfect for kids, teens, and young men who love art and the mystery of ancient Egyptian mythology. The Bennu Bird was closely associated with Atum, Ra, and Osiris. She is depicted as a woman with the head of a lion. She was associated with the god Wenenu, depicted as a man with a rabbit's head, who was an aspect of Osiris or sometimes Ra. In the Valley of the Kings he is seen in paintings as a member of the crew aboard Ra's sun barge. During the time of the Roman Empire, she was worshipped in every corner of their realm from Britain through Europe to Anatolia. Add to Cart. He formed one of the most important and influential triads at Thebes along with his father Amun and mother Mut. She was also known as "Cleanser of Ra" who bathed the sun before it appeared in the dawn sky and personified the freshness of the morning sun. Many of them ruled over natural and social phenomena, as well as abstract concepts. The Nemes is always accompanied by the pharaonic false beard. Hapy - Also known as Hapi, a protector god, one of the Four Sons of Horus who protected the canopic jar holding the lungs. She searches out Baba Yaga to ask for light for her familys cottage. It is the crow that provides Valkyrie with important information, as can be seen in the Poem of Haraldr. He was probably an early fertility god and is associated with the moringa tree which, in an early myth, he liked to rest beneath. His name and protective qualities were later absorbed by Horus. The more famous gods became state deities while others were associated . While Nephthys is mostly depicted as a woman with falcon-wings, the crow appears in some places as her companion. Khenmu is depicted as a ram-headed god symbolizing virility and fertility. 1 . The people of Egypt would leave bowls of offerings by caves for them. Neith - One of the oldest and most enduring deities of ancient Egypt, worshipped from the Predynastic Period (c. 6000-3150 BCE) through the Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE), the last to rule Egypt before it was taken by Rome. He was known as "Lord of Time" and "Reckoner of Years" because he marked the passage of time and, through the powerful magic of his divine knowledge of words, gave the king a long reign so he could maintain order on earth. In the text The Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys she calls the soul of Osiris back from the dead. It was present at the dawn of creation as an aspect of Atum (Ra) which flew over the primordial waters and woke creation with its cry. The more famous gods became state deities while others were associated with a specific region or, in some cases, a ritual or role. They consider black cats as evil creatures because devils live and exist in cats' bodies. She was thought to protect the clothing worn by the king in the afterlife and so was also known as "Lady of the Robes". There are over 2,000 deities in the ancient Egyptian pantheon. "Egyptian God" is a series in the OCG / TCG, anime and manga. He may not have been, however; his placement at doorways could have had some meaning touching on transformation, especially when placed at the doorways of temples. As a mother goddess, she is the mediator of the gods' disputes, most famously as the goddess who settles the question of whether Horus or Set should rule Egypt when the tribunal of the gods cannot decide. Geb is the son of Shu and Tefnut, husband of Nut, the sky. Reret - A protector deity in the form of a hippopotamus whose name means "Sow". Sed - An ancient jackal deity who name first appears on the Palermo Stone from the Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 BCE) but who was most likely much older. Thank you! Ra (Atum or Re) - The great sun god of Heliopolis whose cult spread across Egypt to become the most popular by the Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 BCE). It is not surprising then that there were over 2,000 deities in the Egyptian pantheon. Direct by TCGplayer Near Mint 1st Edition $1.20. She said, "I will go. Due to his name meaning "traveler", he was believed to be the. Sia represented the heart, Hu the tongue, and Heka their underlying force which gave them their power. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Hatmehit (Hatmehyt) - She was a fish goddess worshipped in the Delta region of Mendes. But in another version of the tale, Baba Yaga transforms into a crow in the end. He presided over the Sed Festival (also known as the Heb-Sed Festival) which was held every thirty years of a king's rule to rejuvenate him. He is depicted as a red beast with cloven hooves and a forked tale and is the prototype for the later iconography of the Christian Devil. He was the patron god of libraries and of scribes. He is a protector god who was worshipped very early in Egypt's history. She carries the death god Yamas horn, and sometimes wears a garland of severed heads. At the end of the battle, the goddess Morrigan assumed the appearance of a crow: all the corpses of her proteges who died in the war were collected near her and the cry of the animal was the voice of the divinity that spread in a song mournful and desperate funeral. World History Encyclopedia. Hieroglyphs of the large heron in Egypt's later periods represented the Bennu . Sebiumeker is associated with Atum as a creator god and may have been the supreme god of the pantheon in the region which is modern-day Sudan. Her role of providing one's destiny was eventually taken over by the Seven Hathors but she continued to be venerated in homes throughout Egypt's history.
Asu Football Coaching Staff Salaries, Nyc Custodian Engineer List, Articles E